Mercury(II) sulfide: From the alchemist’s laboratory to modern applications

The cinnabar and its meaning

“Das ist doch alles Zinnober!” This German idiom is often used colloquially to describe something as nonsense or superfluous. But behind this expression lies a fascinating story that takes us back to the alchemists of the Middle Ages.

Cinnabar, also known as mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), is a bright red mineral that has played a significant role – beyond chemistry – in the history of art.

Made by Alchemists

In the Middle Ages, the production of cinnabar was an art mastered by alchemists. They heated mercury and sulfur in a crucible and thus obtained mercury(II) sulfide. In the process, the mercury combined with the sulfur to form cinnabar. A process known as sublimation.

This method was not only considered a chemical experiment. Rather, it was an attempt to harness the mystical properties of mercury, which was called “living silver” at the time.

Use in the past

Cinnabar was mainly used as a pigment in art. The reason: its intense red color. Painters and book illustrators were enthusiastic about this material. In medieval book illumination and in the Renaissance, manuscripts and paintings were designed and decorated with cinnabar.

Mercury(II) sulfide has also become interesting in medicine. Alchemists such as Paracelsus used mercury compounds to treat various diseases. Unfortunately, the toxic properties of mercury sometimes led to severe poisoning of patients.

Cinnabar in modern times

To this day, mercury(II) sulfide is used in various areas – but under strict safety precautions. For example, it serves the electronics industry in the production of semiconductor materials.

The material is also indispensable in art. It is still found in the production of pigments for paints and varnishes. However, synthetic alternatives are gradually being preferred here.

And finally, mercury(II) sulfide remains interesting for research due to its unique chemical properties.

Connection between art, science and mythology

The history of cinnabar shows how an ancient mineral does not lose its importance over centuries. From the mysterious experiments of the alchemists to the precise applications in today’s industry. Mercury(II) sulfide is a fascinating example of the combination of art, science and mythology.